Botánica

Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a branch of biology. A botanist, plant scientist or phytologist is a scientist who specialises in this field. The term botany comes from the Ancient Greek word βοτάνη (botanē) meaning pasture, grass, or fodder; βοτάνη is in turn derived from βόσκειν (boskein), to feed or to graze. Traditionally, botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively, with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists (in the strict sense) study approximately 410,000 species of land plants of which some 391,000 species are vascular plants (including approximately 369,000 species of flowering plants), and approximately 20,000 are bryophytes. Botany originated in prehistory as herbalism with the efforts of early humans to identify - and later cultivate - edible, medicinal and poisonous plants, making it one of the oldest branches of science. Medieval physic gardens, often attached to monasteries, contained plants of medical importance. They were forerunners of the first botanical gardens attached to universities, founded from the 1540s onwards. One of the earliest was the Padua botanical garden. These gardens facilitated the academic study of plants. Efforts to catalogue and describe their collections were the beginnings of plant taxonomy, and led in 1753 to the binomial system of Carl Linnaeus that remains in use to this day. In the 19th and 20th centuries, new techniques were developed for the study of plants, including methods of optical microscopy and live cell imaging, electron microscopy, analysis of chromosome number, plant chemistry and the structure and function of enzymes and other proteins. In the last two decades of the 20th century, botanists exploited the techniques of molecular genetic analysis, including genomics and proteomics and DNA sequences to classify plants more accurately. Modern botany is a broad, multidisciplinary subject with inputs from most other areas of science and technology. Research topics include the study of plant structure, growth and differentiation, reproduction, biochemistry and primary metabolism, chemical products, development, diseases, evolutionary relationships, systematics, and plant taxonomy. Dominant themes in 21st century plant science are molecular genetics and epigenetics, which are the mechanisms and control of gene expression during differentiation of plant cells and tissues. Botanical research has diverse applications in providing staple foods, materials such as timber, oil, rubber, fibre and drugs, in modern horticulture, agriculture and forestry, plant propagation, breeding and genetic modification, in the synthesis of chemicals and raw materials for construction and energy production, in environmental management, and the maintenance of biodiversity.

La botánica (del griego βοτάνη, 'hierba') o fitología (del griego φυτόν, 'planta' y λόγος, 'tratado') es la rama de la biología que estudia las plantas, bajo todos sus aspectos, lo cual incluye: descripción, clasificación, distribución, identificación, el estudio de su reproducción, fisiología, morfología, relaciones recíprocas, relaciones con los otros seres vivos y efectos provocados sobre el medio en el que se encuentran. El objeto de estudio de la botánica es, entonces, un grupo de organismos lejanamente emparentados entre sí, las cianobacterias, los hongos, las algas y las plantas, los que casi no poseen ningún carácter en común salvo la presencia de cloroplastos (a excepción de los hongos y cianobacterias) o el no poseer movilidad. En el campo de la botánica hay que distinguir entre la botánica pura, cuyo objeto es ampliar el conocimiento de la naturaleza, y la botánica aplicada, cuyas investigaciones están al servicio de la tecnología agraria, forestal y farmacéutica. Su conocimiento afecta a muchos aspectos de nuestra vida y por tanto es una disciplina estudiada por biólogos y ambientólogos, pero también por farmacéuticos, ingenieros agrónomos, ingenieros forestales, entre otros. La botánica cubre un amplio rango de contenidos, que incluyen aspectos específicos propios de los vegetales, así como de las disciplinas biológicas que se ocupan de la composición química (fitoquímica), de la organización celular () y tisular (histología vegetal), del metabolismo y el funcionamiento orgánico (fisiología vegetal), del crecimiento y el desarrollo, de la morfología (), de la reproducción, de la herencia (genética vegetal), de las enfermedades (fitopatología), de las adaptaciones al ambiente (ecología), de la distribución geográfica (fitogeografía o geobotánica), de los fósiles (paleobotánica) y de la evolución.