Democracia

Democracy (Greek: δημοκρατία, dēmokratiā, from dēmos 'people' and kratos 'rule') is a form of government in which the people have the authority to choose their governing legislation. Who people are and how authority is shared among them are core issues for democratic theory, development and constitution. Some cornerstones of these issues are freedom of assembly and speech, inclusiveness and equality, membership, consent, voting, right to life and minority rights. Generally, there are two types of democracy: direct and representative. In a direct democracy, the people directly deliberate and decide on legislature. In a representative democracy, the people elect representatives to deliberate and decide on legislature, such as in parliamentary or presidential democracy. Liquid democracy combines elements of these two basic types. However, the noun \"democracy\" has, over time, been modified by more than 3,500 adjectives which suggests that it may have types that can elude and elide this duality. The most common day-to-day decision making approach of democracies has been the majority rule, though other decision making approaches like supermajority and consensus have been equally integral to democracies. They serve the crucial purpose of inclusiveness and broader legitimacy on sensitive issues, counterbalancing majoritarianism, and therefore mostly take precedence on a constitutional level. In the common variant of liberal democracy, the powers of the majority are exercised within the framework of a representative democracy, but the constitution limits the majority and protects the minority, usually through the enjoyment by all of certain individual rights, e.g. freedom of speech, or freedom of association. Besides these general types of democracy, there have been a wealth of further types (see below). Republics, though often associated with democracy because of the shared principle of rule by consent of the governed, are not necessarily democracies, as republicanism does not specify how the people are to rule. Democracy is a system of processing conflicts in which outcomes depend on what participants do, but no single force controls what occurs and its outcomes. The uncertainty of outcomes is inherent in democracy. Democracy makes all forces struggle repeatedly to realize their interests and devolves power from groups of people to sets of rules. Western democracy, as distinct from that which existed in pre-modern societies, is generally considered to have originated in city-states such as Classical Athens and the Roman Republic, where various schemes and degrees of enfranchisement of the free male population were observed before the form disappeared in the West at the beginning of late antiquity. The English word dates back to the 16th century, from the older Middle French and Middle Latin equivalents. According to American political scientist Larry Diamond, democracy consists of four key elements: a political system for choosing and replacing the government through free and fair elections; the active participation of the people, as citizens, in politics and civic life; protection of the human rights of all citizens; a rule of law, in which the laws and procedures apply equally to all citizens. Todd Landman, nevertheless, draws our attention to the fact that democracy and human rights are two different concepts and that \"there must be greater specificity in the conceptualisation and operationalisation of democracy and human rights\". The term appeared in the 5th century BC to denote the political systems then existing in Greek city-states, notably Athens, to mean \"rule of the people\", in contrast to aristocracy (ἀριστοκρατία, aristokratía), meaning \"rule of an elite\". While theoretically, these definitions are in opposition, in practice the distinction has been blurred historically. The political system of Classical Athens, for example, granted democratic citizenship to free men and excluded slaves and women from political participation. In virtually all democratic governments throughout ancient and modern history, democratic citizenship consisted of an elite class, until full enfranchisement was won for all adult citizens in most modern democracies through the suffrage movements of the 19th and 20th centuries. Democracy contrasts with forms of government where power is either held by an individual, as in an absolute monarchy, or where power is held by a small number of individuals, as in an oligarchy. Nevertheless, these oppositions, inherited from Greek philosophy, are now ambiguous because contemporary governments have mixed democratic, oligarchic and monarchic elements. Karl Popper defined democracy in contrast to dictatorship or tyranny, thus focusing on opportunities for the people to control their leaders and to oust them without the need for a revolution.

La democracia (del latín tardío democratĭa, y este del griego δημοκρατία dēmokratía)​ es una forma de organización social que atribuye la titularidad del poder al conjunto de la ciudadanía. En sentido estricto, la democracia es una forma de organización del Estado en la cual las decisiones colectivas son adoptadas por el pueblo mediante mecanismos de participación directa o indirecta que confieren legitimidad a sus representantes. En sentido amplio, democracia es una forma de convivencia social en la que los miembros son libres e iguales y las relaciones sociales se establecen conforme a mecanismos contractuales. La democracia se puede definir a partir de la clasificación de las formas de gobierno realizada por Platón, primero, y Aristóteles, después, en tres tipos básicos: monarquía (gobierno de uno), aristocracia (gobierno «de los mejores» para Platón, «de los menos», para Aristóteles), democracia (gobierno «de la multitud» para Platón y «de los más», para Aristóteles).​ Hay democracia indirecta o representativa cuando la decisión es adoptada por personas reconocidas por el pueblo como sus representantes. Hay democracia participativa cuando se aplica un modelo político que facilita a los ciudadanos su capacidad de asociarse y organizarse de tal modo que puedan ejercer una influencia directa en las decisiones públicas o cuando se facilita a la ciudadanía amplios mecanismos plebiscitarios consultivos. Finalmente, hay democracia directa cuando la decisión es adoptada directamente por los miembros del pueblo, mediante plebiscitos y referéndums vinculantes, elecciones primarias, facilitación de la iniciativa legislativa popular y votación popular de leyes, concepto que incluye la democracia líquida. Estas tres formas no son excluyentes y suelen integrarse como mecanismos complementarios en algunos sistemas políticos, aunque siempre suele haber un mayor peso de una de las tres formas en un sistema político concreto. No debe confundirse República con Democracia, pues aluden a principios distintos, la república es el gobierno de la ley mientras que democracia significa el gobierno de la gente.