Escolasticismo

Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical method of philosophical analysis presupposed upon a Latin Catholic theistic paradigm which dominated teaching in the medieval universities in Europe from about 1100 to 1700. It originated within the Christian monastic schools that were the basis of the earliest European universities. The rise of scholasticism was closely associated with these schools that flourished in Italy, France, Spain and England. Scholasticism is not so much a philosophy or a theology as a method of learning, as it places a strong emphasis on dialectical reasoning to extend knowledge by inference and to resolve contradictions. Scholastic thought is also known for rigorous conceptual analysis and the careful drawing of distinctions. In the classroom and in writing, it often takes the form of explicit disputation; a topic drawn from the tradition is broached in the form of a question, opponents' responses are given, a counterproposal is argued and opponents' arguments rebutted. Because of its emphasis on rigorous dialectical method, scholasticism was eventually applied to many other fields of study. As a program, scholasticism began as an attempt at harmonization on the part of medieval Christian thinkers, to harmonize the various authorities of their own tradition, and to reconcile Christian theology with classical and late antiquity philosophy, especially that of Aristotle but also of Neoplatonism. (See also Christian apologetics.) Some of the main figures of scholasticism include Anselm of Canterbury (the father of scholasticism), Peter Abelard, Alexander of Hales, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham, Bonaventure, and Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas's masterwork Summa Theologica (1265-1274) is considered to be the pinnacle of scholastic, medieval, and Christian philosophy; it began while Aquinas was regent master at the studium provinciale of Santa Sabina in Rome, the forerunner of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. Important work in the scholastic tradition has been carried on well past Aquinas's time, for instance by Francisco Suárez and Luis de Molina, and also among Lutheran and Reformed thinkers. The historical legacy of scholasticism lay not in specific scientific discoveries, for these were not made, but laying the foundations for the development of natural science.

La escolástica (del latín scholasticus, y este a su vez del griego σχολαστικός ‘aquel que pertenece a la escuela’) es una corriente teológica y filosófica medieval que utilizó parte de la filosofía grecolatina clásica para comprender la revelación religiosa del cristianismo. La escolástica fue la corriente teológico-filosófica predominante del pensamiento medieval, tras la patrística de la Antigüedad tardía, y se basó en la coordinación entre fe y razón, que en cualquier caso siempre suponía una clara subordinación de la razón a la fe (Philosophia ancilla theologiae ‘la filosofía es sierva de la teología’). Predominó en las escuelas catedralicias y en los estudios generales que dieron lugar a las universidades medievales europeas, en especial entre mediados del siglo XI y mediados del XV. Su formación fue, sin embargo, heterogénea, ya que acogió en su seno corrientes filosóficas no solo grecolatinas, sino también árabes y judaicas. Esto incentivó en este movimiento una fundamental preocupación por consolidar grandes sistemas sin contradicción interna que asimilasen toda la tradición filosófica clásica. Por otra parte, se ha señalado en la escolástica una excesiva dependencia del argumento de autoridad y un descuido de las ciencias y el empirismo. Pero la Escolástica también es un método de trabajo intelectual: todo pensamiento debía someterse al principio de autoridad, y la enseñanza podía limitarse en principio a la reiteración de los textos clásicos, y sobre todo de la Biblia (principal fuente de conocimiento). A pesar de ello, la escolástica incentivó el razonamiento y la especulación, pues suponía adaptarse a un ríguroso sistema lógico y un estructurado esquema del discurso que debía ser capaz de exponerse a refutaciones y preparar defensas.