Alcaloides

Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring organic compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms. This group also includes some related compounds with neutral and even weakly acidic properties. Some synthetic compounds of similar structure may also be termed alkaloids. In addition to carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen, alkaloids may also contain oxygen, sulfur and, more rarely, other elements such as chlorine, bromine, and phosphorus. Alkaloids are produced by a large variety of organisms including bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. They can be purified from crude extracts of these organisms by acid-base extraction, or solvent extractions followed by silica-gel column chromatography. Alkaloids have a wide range of pharmacological activities including antimalarial (e.g. quinine), antiasthma (e.g. ephedrine), anticancer (e.g. homoharringtonine), cholinomimetic (e.g. galantamine), vasodilatory (e.g. vincamine), antiarrhythmic (e.g. quinidine), analgesic (e.g. morphine), antibacterial (e.g. chelerythrine), and antihyperglycemic activities (e.g. piperine). Many have found use in traditional or modern medicine, or as starting points for drug discovery. Other alkaloids possess psychotropic (e.g. psilocin) and stimulant activities (e.g. cocaine, caffeine, nicotine, theobromine), and have been used in entheogenic rituals or as recreational drugs. Alkaloids can be toxic too (e.g. atropine, tubocurarine). Although alkaloids act on a diversity of metabolic systems in humans and other animals, they almost uniformly evoke a bitter taste. The boundary between alkaloids and other nitrogen-containing natural compounds is not clear-cut. Compounds like amino acid peptides, proteins, nucleotides, nucleic acid, amines, and antibiotics are usually not called alkaloids. Natural compounds containing nitrogen in the exocyclic position (mescaline, serotonin, dopamine, etc.) are usually classified as amines rather than as alkaloids. Some authors, however, consider alkaloids a special case of amines.

Se llama alcaloides (de álcali, carbonatos de alcalinos, y -oide, parecido a, en forma de) a aquellos metabolitos secundarios de las plantas sintetizados, generalmente, a partir de aminoácidos, que tienen en común su hidrosolubilidad a pH ácido y su solubilidad en solventes orgánicos a pH alcalino. Los alcaloides verdaderos derivan de un aminoácido; por lo tanto son nitrogenados. Todos los que presentan el grupo funcional amina o imina son básicos. La mayoría de los alcaloides poseen acción fisiológica intensa en los animales incluso a bajas dosis con efectos psicoactivos, por lo que se emplean mucho para tratar problemas de la mente y calmar el dolor. Ejemplos conocidos son la cocaína, la morfina, la atropina, la colchicina, la quinina, la cafeína, la estricnina y la nicotina. Sus estructuras químicas son variadas. Se considera que un alcaloide es, por definición, un compuesto químico que posee un nitrógeno heterocíclico procedente del metabolismo de aminoácidos; de proceder de otra vía, se define como pseudoalcaloide.