Historia antigua

Ancient history as a term refers to the aggregate of past events from the beginning of writing and recorded human history and extending as far as post-classical history. The phrase may be used either to refer to the period of time or the academic discipline. The span of recorded history is roughly 5,000 years, beginning with the Sumerian cuneiform script, with the oldest coherent texts from about 2600 BC. Ancient history covers all continents inhabited by humans in the period 3000 BC - AD 500. The broad term ancient history is not to be confused with classical antiquity. The term classical antiquity is often used to refer to Western history in the Ancient Mediterranean from the beginning of recorded Greek history in 776 BC (first Olympiad). This roughly coincides with the traditional date of the founding of Rome in 753 BC, the beginning of the history of ancient Rome, and the beginning of the Archaic period in Ancient Greece. The academic term history is not to be confused with colloquial references to times past. History is fundamentally the study of the past, and can be either scientific (archaeology) or humanistic (history through language). Although the ending date of ancient history is disputed, some Western scholars use the fall of the Western Roman Empire in 476 AD (the most used), the closure of the Platonic Academy in 529 AD, the death of the emperor Justinian I in 565 AD, the coming of Islam, or the rise of Charlemagne as the end of ancient and Classical European history. Outside of Europe the 450-500 time frame for the end of ancient times has had difficulty as a transition date from ancient to post-classical times. During the time period of ancient history (starting roughly from 3000 BC), the world population was already exponentially increasing due to the Neolithic Revolution, which was in full progress. According to HYDE estimates from the Netherlands, world population increased exponentially in this period. In 10,000 BC in prehistory, the world population had stood at 2 million, rising to 45 million by 3,000 BC. By the rise of the Iron Age in 1,000 BC, the population had risen to 72 million. By the end of the period in 500 AD, the world population is thought to have stood at 209 million. In 3,500 years, the world population increased by 100 times.

La Edad Antigua es un período tradicional, muy utilizado en la periodización de la historia humana, definido por el surgimiento y desarrollo de las primeras civilizaciones que tuvieron escritura, llamadas por ello civilizaciones antiguas. Tradicionalmente ha sido el período inicial de la historia propiamente dicha, iniciada con la invención de la escritura, precedida de la prehistoria. Algunos esquemas periódicos consideran que existe una etapa llamada protohistoria, entre la prehistoria y la Edad Antigua, definida por el surgimiento de las primeras civilizaciones sin escritura. Durante la Edad Antigua surgieron y se desarrollaron cientos de civilizaciones de gran importancia en todos los continentes, muchas de las cuales generaron productos, instituciones, conocimientos y valores que aún se encuentran presentes en la actualidad, desde Sumeria (IV milenio a. C.) y el Antiguo Egipto, pasando por las antiguas civilizaciones védicas en la India, la China Antigua, las antiguas Grecia y Roma, el Imperio aqueménida en Persia, entre muchos otros. En el curso de la Edad Antigua surgieron las ciudades y el proceso de urbanización, el Estado, el derecho y la ley, así como grandes religiones como el budismo y el judeo-cristianismo.