Alquimia

Alchemy is an ancient branch of natural philosophy, a philosophical and protoscientific tradition practiced throughout Europe, Africa, and Asia, originating in Greco-Roman Egypt in the first few centuries CE. Alchemists attempted to purify, mature, and perfect certain materials. Common aims were chrysopoeia, the transmutation of base metals (e.g., lead) into noble metals (particularly gold); the creation of an elixir of immortality; the creation of panaceas able to cure any disease; and the development of an alkahest, a universal solvent. The perfection of the human body and soul was thought to permit or result from the alchemical magnum opus and, in the Hellenistic and Western mystery tradition, the achievement of gnosis. In Europe, the creation of a philosopher's stone was variously connected with all of these projects. In English, the term is often limited to descriptions of European alchemy, but similar practices existed in the Far East, the Indian subcontinent, and the Muslim world. In Europe, following the 12th-century Renaissance produced by the translation of Medieval Islamic works on science and the rediscovery of Aristotelian philosophy, alchemists played a significant role in early modern science (particularly chemistry and medicine). Islamic and European alchemists developed a structure of basic laboratory techniques, theory, terminology, and experimental method, some of which are still in use today. However, they continued antiquity's belief in four elements and guarded their work in secrecy including cyphers and cryptic symbolism. Their work was guided by Hermetic principles related to magic, mythology, and religion. Modern discussions of alchemy are generally split into an examination of its exoteric practical applications and its esoteric spiritual aspects, despite the arguments of scholars like Holmyard and von Franz that they should be understood as complementary. The former is pursued by historians of the physical sciences who examine the subject in terms of early chemistry, medicine, and charlatanism, and the philosophical and religious contexts in which these events occurred. The latter interests historians of esotericism, psychologists, and some philosophers and spiritualists. The subject has also made an ongoing impact on literature and the arts. Despite this split, which von Franz believes has existed since the Western traditions' origin in a mix of Greek philosophy that was mixed with Egyptian and Mesopotamian technology, numerous sources have stressed an integration of esoteric and exoteric approaches to alchemy as far back as Pseudo-Democritus's first-century AD On Physical and Mystical Matters (Greek: Physika kai Mystika). Although alchemy is popularly associated with magic, historian Lawrence M. Principe argues that recent historical research has revealed that medieval and early modern alchemy embraced a much more diverse set of ideas, goals, techniques, and practices: Most readers probably are aware of several common claims about alchemy\"for example, ... that it is akin to magic, or that its practice then or now is essentially deceptive. These ideas about alchemy emerged during the eighteenth century or after. While each of them might have limited validity within a narrow context, none of them is an accurate depiction of alchemy in general.

En la historia de la ciencia, la alquimia (del árabe الخيمياء [al-khīmiyā]) es una antigua práctica protocientífica y una disciplina filosófica que combina elementos de la química, la metalurgia, la física, la medicina, la astrología, la semiótica, el misticismo, el espiritualismo y el arte. La alquimia fue practicada en Mesopotamia, el Antiguo Egipto, Persia, la India y China, en la Antigua Grecia y el Imperio romano, en el Imperio islámico y después en Europa hasta el siglo XVIII, en una compleja red de escuelas y sistemas filosóficos que abarca al menos 2500 años. La alquimia occidental ha estado siempre estrechamente relacionada con el hermetismo, un sistema filosófico y espiritual que tiene sus raíces en Hermes Trismegisto, una deidad sincrética grecoegipcia y legendario alquimista. Estas dos disciplinas influyeron en el nacimiento del rosacrucismo, un importante movimiento esotérico del siglo XVII. En el transcurso de los comienzos de la época moderna, la alquimia dominante evolucionó en la actual química. Actualmente es de interés para los historiadores de la ciencia y la filosofía, así como por sus aspectos místicos, esotéricos y artísticos. La alquimia fue una de las principales precursoras de las ciencias modernas, y muchas de las sustancias, herramientas y procesos de la antigua alquimia han servido como pilares fundamentales de las modernas industrias químicas y metalúrgicas. Aunque la alquimia adopta muchas formas, en la cultura popular es citada con mayor frecuencia en historias, películas, espectáculos y juegos como el proceso usado para transformar plomo (u otros elementos) en oro. Otra forma que adopta la alquimia es la de la búsqueda de la piedra filosofal, con la que pretendía conseguir tanto la vida eterna como la transmutación de cualquier metal en oro. En el plano espiritual de la alquimia, los alquimistas debían transmutar su propia alma antes de transmutar los metales. Esto quiere decir que debían purificarse, prepararse mediante la oración y el ayuno.​