Vinos

Wine is an alcoholic drink typically made from fermented grapes. Yeast consumes the sugar in the grapes and converts it to ethanol, carbon dioxide, and heat. Different varieties of grapes and strains of yeasts produce different styles of wine. These variations result from the complex interactions between the biochemical development of the grape, the reactions involved in fermentation, the grape's growing environment (terroir), and the production process. Many countries enact legal appellations intended to define styles and qualities of wine. These typically restrict the geographical origin and permitted varieties of grapes, as well as other aspects of wine production. Wines not made from grapes involve fermentation of additional crops including, rice wine and other fruit wines such as plum, cherry, pomegranate, currant and elderberry. Wine has been produced for thousands of years. The earliest evidence of wine is from Georgia, Iran (5000 BC), and Sicily (4000 BC). New World wine has some connection to alcoholic beverages made by the indigenous peoples of the Americas, but is mainly connected to later Viking area of Vinland and Spanish traditions in New Spain. Later, as Old World wine further developed viticulture techniques, Europe would encompass three of the largest wine-producing regions. Today, the five countries with the largest wine-producing regions are in Italy, Spain, France, the United States, and China. Wine has long played an important role in religion. Red wine was associated with blood by the ancient Egyptians and was used by both the Greek cult of Dionysus and the Romans in their Bacchanalia; Judaism also incorporates it in the Kiddush and Christianity in the Eucharist. Egyptian, Greek, Roman, and Israeli wine cultures are still connected to these ancient roots. Similarly the largest wine regions in Italy, Spain, and France have heritages in connection to sacramental wine, likewise, viticulture traditions in the Southwestern United States started within New Spain as Catholic friars and monks first produced wines in New Mexico and California.

El vino (del latín vinum) es una bebida obtenida de la uva (especie Vitis vinifera), mediante la fermentación alcohólica de su mosto o zumo. La fermentación se produce por la acción metabólica de levaduras, que transforman los azúcares del fruto en etanol y el gas en forma de dióxido de carbono. El azúcar y los ácidos que posee la fruta, Vitis vinífera, son suficientes para el desarrollo de la fermentación. No obstante, el vino es una suma de factores ambientales: clima, latitud, altitud, horas de luz y temperatura, entre varios otros. Aproximadamente un 66 % de la recolección mundial de uva, se dedica a la producción vinícola; el resto es para su consumo como fruta. A pesar de ello el cultivo de la vid cubre tan solo un 0,5 % del suelo cultivable en el mundo. El cultivo de la vid se ha asociado a lugares con un clima mediterráneo, no en vano, la mitad de la producción mundial de vino la concentran tan solo 3 países mediterráneos: Italia, Francia y España. Se da el nombre de \"vino\" únicamente al líquido resultante de la fermentación alcohólica, total o parcial, del zumo de uvas, sin adición de ninguna sustancia. En muchas legislaciones se considera solo como vino a la bebida fermentada obtenida de Vitis vinifera, pese a que se obtienen bebidas semejantes de otras especies como la Vitis labrusca, Vitis rupestris, etc. El conocimiento de la ciencia particular de la elaboración del vino se denomina enología (sin considerar los procesos de cultivo de la vid). La ciencia que trata tan solo de la biología de la vid, así como de su cultivo, se denomina ampelología.