Alemania

Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, ), is a country in Central and Western Europe. Covering an area of 357,022 square kilometres (137,847 sq mi), it lies between the Baltic and North seas to the north, and the Alps to the south. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, and France, Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire. During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. Following the Napoleonic Wars and the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the German Confederation was formed in 1815. In 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the German Revolution of 1918-1919, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 led to the establishment of a dictatorship, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, two new German states were founded: West Germany and East Germany. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community and the European Union. The country was reunified on 3 October 1990. Today, Germany is a federal parliamentary republic led by a chancellor. With 83 million inhabitants of its 16 constituent states, it is the second-most populous country in Europe after Russia, as well as the most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is Berlin, and its financial centre is Frankfurt; the largest urban area is the Ruhr. Germany is a great power with a strong economy; it has the largest economy in Europe, the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. As a global leader in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer of goods. A highly developed country with a very high standard of living, it offers social security and a universal health care system, environmental protections, and a tuition-free university education. Germany is also a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G7, the G20, and the OECD. Known for its long and rich cultural history, Germany has many World Heritage sites and is among the top tourism destinations in the world.

La República de Weimar (en alemán, Weimarer Republik) fue el régimen político y, por extensión, el período de la historia de Alemania comprendido entre 1918 y 1933, tras la derrota del país en la Primera Guerra Mundial. El nombre de República de Weimar es un término aplicado por la historiografía posterior, puesto que el país conservó su nombre de Deutsches Reich (‘Imperio alemán’). La denominación procede de la ciudad alemana de Weimar, donde se reunió la Asamblea Nacional constituyente y se proclamó la nueva constitución, que fue aprobada el 31 de julio y entró en vigor el 11 de agosto de 1919. Este período, aunque democrático, se caracterizó por la gran inestabilidad política y social, en el que se produjeron golpes de Estado militares y derechistas, intentos revolucionarios por parte de la izquierda y fuertes crisis económicas. Toda esta combinación provocó el ascenso de Adolf Hitler y el Partido Nacionalsocialista. El 5 de marzo de 1933, los nazis obtuvieron la mayoría en las elecciones al Reichstag, con lo que pudieron aprobar el 23 de marzo la Ley habilitante que, junto al Decreto del incendio del Reichstag del 28 de febrero y al permitir la aprobación de leyes sin la participación del Parlamento, se considera que significó el final de la República de Weimar. Si bien la Constitución de Weimar del 11 de noviembre de 1919 no fue revocada hasta el término de la Segunda Guerra Mundial en 1945, el triunfo de Adolf Hitler y las reformas llevadas a cabo por los nacionalsocialistas (Gleichschaltung) la invalidaron mucho antes, instaurando el denominado Tercer Reich.